{"id":2184,"date":"2026-06-12T06:46:06","date_gmt":"2026-06-12T06:46:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/?p=2184"},"modified":"2026-06-12T06:51:06","modified_gmt":"2026-06-12T06:51:06","slug":"kebijakan-orde-baru-dalam-ekspor-sda-mentah","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/?p=2184","title":{"rendered":"Kebijakan Orde Baru Dalam Ekspor SDA Mentah"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2184\" class=\"elementor elementor-2184\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53a2062 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"53a2062\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38e3fb9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"38e3fb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:3,&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;content_hover_animation&quot;:&quot;fade-in&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/download-65.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"38e3fb9\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"download (65)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjE4MywidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3JlZ2FyY29tbXByb21vLm15LmlkXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI2XC8wNlwvZG93bmxvYWQtNjUuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMzhlM2ZiOSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/download-65.jpg\" data-width=\"168\" data-height=\"300\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/download-64.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"38e3fb9\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"download (64)\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MjE4MiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3JlZ2FyY29tbXByb21vLm15LmlkXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI2XC8wNlwvZG93bmxvYWQtNjQuanBnIiwic2xpZGVzaG93IjoiMzhlM2ZiOSJ9\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/download-64.jpg\" data-width=\"264\" data-height=\"191\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download-2026-05-22T153916.942.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"38e3fb9\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"download - 2026-05-22T153916.942\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTc2MCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL3JlZ2FyY29tbXByb21vLm15LmlkXC93cC1jb250ZW50XC91cGxvYWRzXC8yMDI2XC8wNVwvZG93bmxvYWQtMjAyNi0wNS0yMlQxNTM5MTYuOTQyLmpwZyIsInNsaWRlc2hvdyI6IjM4ZTNmYjkifQ%3D%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/download-2026-05-22T153916.942.jpg\" data-width=\"201\" data-height=\"251\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1523cde e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"1523cde\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce18e71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce18e71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"model-response-message-contentr_61d64385f974714a\" class=\"markdown markdown-main-panel enable-updated-hr-color\" dir=\"ltr\" aria-live=\"polite\" aria-busy=\"false\"><p data-path-to-node=\"0\">Kesadaran kolektif yang muncul belakangan ini\u2014terutama di era gencar-gencarnya kebijakan <i data-path-to-node=\"0\" data-index-in-node=\"89\">downstreaming<\/i> atau hilirisasi\u2014memang membuka mata banyak pihak tentang betapa besarnya potensi ekonomi yang &#8220;hilang&#8221; di masa lalu.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"1\">Jika kita merunut ke belakang, fondasi dari model ekspor Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) mentah yang kini dinilai merugikan tersebut sangat erat kaitannya dengan kebijakan ekonomi politik <b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"179\">Pemerintah Orde Baru (Orba)<\/b>.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"2\">Berikut adalah analisis bagaimana peran dan kebijakan pemerintah Orde Baru membentuk pola ekspor yang eksploitatif dan dampak jangka panjangnya yang baru benar-benar kita rasakan kompensasinya sekarang:<\/p><h2 data-path-to-node=\"4\">1. Strategi Pertumbuhan Instan Lewat Eksploitasi Bahan Mentah<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Ketika Orde Baru dimulai pada akhir tahun 1960-an, kondisi ekonomi Indonesia sedang mengalami hiperinflasi dan kas negara kosong. Untuk membangun infrastruktur dan menstabilkan ekonomi secara cepat, pemerintah mengambil jalan pintas yang paling rasional saat itu: <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"264\">menjual kekayaan alam mentah<\/b>.<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"6\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">UU PMA No. 1 Tahun 1967:<\/b> Ini adalah regulasi pertama yang membuka keran modal asing secara masif. Fokus utamanya adalah sektor ekstraktif seperti minyak bumi, gas, mineral, dan kehutanan (kayu log).<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pola &#8220;Gali-Lekas-Jual&#8221;:<\/b> Karena belum memiliki teknologi dan modal, pemerintah Orba berperan sebagai penyedia konsesi. Minyak bumi dan tembaga dikuras dalam bentuk mentah (<i data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"171\">raw materials<\/i>) untuk mengejar pertumbuhan PDB (Produk Domestik Bruto) secara instan, tanpa memikirkan nilai tambah di dalam negeri.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-path-to-node=\"7\">2. Abai Terhadap Industrialisasi Sektor Hulu-Hilir<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Kesalahan struktural terbesar Orde Baru bukan terletak pada masuknya modal asing, melainkan pada <b data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"97\">tiadanya paksaan untuk membangun industri pengolahan (smelter atau manufaktur lanjutan)<\/b> di dalam negeri.<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"9\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">Pemerintah Orba membiarkan komoditas seperti bijih tembaga, nikel, dan bauksit diekspor langsung dalam bentuk tanah atau batuan mentah.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\">Akibatnya, Indonesia kehilangan potensi <i data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"40\">multiplier effect<\/i>: lapangan kerja sektor industri tidak tercipta di dalam negeri, teknologi tidak berpindah secara signifikan, dan kita justru mengimpor kembali produk jadi dari negara luar menggunakan bahan baku dari tanah kita sendiri.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-path-to-node=\"10\">3. Sistem Kontrak Karya yang &#8220;Mengunci&#8221; Kedaulatan Negara<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">Pemerintah Orba menandatangani berbagai Kontrak Karya (KK) jangka panjang (sering kali berdurasi 30 tahun dan dapat diperpanjang) dengan korporasi mutinasional seperti Freeport-McMoRan di Papua atau Inco (sekarang Vale) di Sulawesi.<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"12\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\">Kontrak-kontrak ini dibuat dalam posisi tawar Indonesia yang masih lemah. Akibatnya, klausul kontrak sangat menguntungkan investor asing, mulai dari royalti yang sangat rendah, <i data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"177\">tax holiday<\/i> yang panjang, hingga hak eksklusif mengelola wilayah yang sangat luas.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\">Kontrak ini bersifat <i data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"21\">lex specialis<\/i> (mengikat seperti undang-undang bagi kedua pihak), sehingga pemerintahan di era reformasi sempat kesulitan untuk mengubah isi kontrak atau memaksa mereka membangun smelter tanpa risiko digugat di arbitrase internasional.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-path-to-node=\"13\">4. Sentralisasi dan Pola Pertambangan Enklave<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"14\">Di era Orba, pengelolaan SDA sangat sentralistik. Pemerintah pusat di Jakarta memegang kendali penuh atas izin konsesi, sementara daerah penghasil hanya mendapatkan porsi yang sangat kecil dan menanggung kerusakan lingkungan.<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"15\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"15,0,0\">Pertambangan skala besar di era Orba bersifat <b data-path-to-node=\"15,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"46\">enklave (terisolasi)<\/b>. Artinya, aktivitas tambang tersebut hidup mewah di tengah komunitas lokal yang terisolasi dan miskin. Tidak ada keterkaitan ekonomi yang kuat antara perusahaan tambang dengan industri lokal di sekitarnya.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h2 data-path-to-node=\"16\">5. Krisis Ekologis dan <i data-path-to-node=\"16\" data-index-in-node=\"23\">Resource Curse<\/i> (Kutukan SDA)<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"17\">Model ekonomi Orba menciptakan apa yang oleh para ekonom disebut <i data-path-to-node=\"17\" data-index-in-node=\"65\">Dutch Disease<\/i> atau Kutukan Sumber Daya Alam. Karena terlalu terlena dengan rezeki nomplok (<i data-path-to-node=\"17\" data-index-in-node=\"156\">windfall profit<\/i>) dari minyak bumi pada tahun 1970-an (Oil Boom) dan kayu hutan, pemerintah kurang serius membangun fondasi industri manufaktur nasional yang tangguh dan mandiri.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"18\">Ketika cadangan minyak mulai menipis di akhir era Orba dan harga komoditas jatuh, barulah disadari bahwa fondasi ekonomi kita sangat rapuh karena bergantung pada harga pasar global yang fluktuatif.<\/p><h2 data-path-to-node=\"20\">Mengapa Kita Baru &#8220;Sadar&#8221; Sekarang?<\/h2><p data-path-to-node=\"21\">Kesadaran ini mencuat sekarang karena adanya <b data-path-to-node=\"21\" data-index-in-node=\"45\">pergeseran geopolitik ekonomi global<\/b> dan <b data-path-to-node=\"21\" data-index-in-node=\"86\">keberanian politik untuk melakukan hilirisasi<\/b>.<\/p><ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"22\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Perbandingan Angka yang Mencolok:<\/b> Ketika pemerintah mulai melarang ekspor nikel mentah beberapa tahun lalu dan memaksa pengolahan di dalam negeri, nilai ekspor nikel melonjak hingga belasan kali lipat. Dari sini masyarakat baru sadar: <i data-path-to-node=\"22,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"235\">&#8220;Oh, ternyata selama puluhan tahun lalu, nilai tambah ratusan triliun rupiah mengalir ke negara lain, bukan ke kita.&#8221;<\/i><\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Habisnya Cadangan Komoditas Prima:<\/b> Kita baru sadar setelah Indonesia berubah status dari anggota OPEC (eksportir minyak) menjadi <i data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"129\">net importer<\/i> (pengimpor minyak). Kekayaan itu habis tanpa sempat diubah menjadi dana abadi (<i data-path-to-node=\"22,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"221\">sovereign wealth fund<\/i>) atau infrastruktur industri teknologi tinggi yang berkelanjutan.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"22,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"22,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Akses Informasi:<\/b> Di era Orba, narasi ekonomi dikontrol ketat oleh negara dengan jargon &#8220;Pertumbuhan dan Stabilitas&#8221;. Analisis kritis mengenai kerugian struktural ekspor mentah atau kerusakan lingkungan sering kali diredam demi menjaga iklim investasi.<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p data-path-to-node=\"23\"><b data-path-to-node=\"23\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Kesimpulannya:<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"24\">Pemerintah Orde Baru berperan sebagai <b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"38\">arsitek pembuka jalan<\/b> sekaligus <b data-path-to-node=\"24\" data-index-in-node=\"70\">penjaga sistem ekonomi ekstraktif<\/b> tersebut. Pilihan kebijakan mereka saat itu berhasil menyelamatkan Indonesia dari kebangkrutan ekonomi jangka pendek, namun harus dibayar mahal dengan kerugian struktural jangka panjang berupa hilangnya potensi nilai tambah SDA yang baru berusaha kita perbaiki dan rebut kembali hari ini.<\/p><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kesadaran kolektif yang muncul belakangan ini\u2014terutama di era gencar-gencarnya kebijakan downstreaming atau hilirisasi\u2014memang membuka mata banyak pihak tentang betapa besarnya potensi ekonomi yang &#8220;hilang&#8221; di masa lalu. Jika kita merunut ke belakang, fondasi dari model ekspor Sumber Daya Alam (SDA) mentah yang kini dinilai merugikan tersebut sangat erat kaitannya dengan kebijakan ekonomi politik Pemerintah Orde [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2183,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2184","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kabar"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Kebijakan Orde Baru Dalam Ekspor SDA Mentah - Regarcommpromo<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/regarcommpromo.my.id\/?p=2184\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kebijakan Orde Baru Dalam Ekspor SDA Mentah - Regarcommpromo\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Kesadaran kolektif yang muncul belakangan ini\u2014terutama di era gencar-gencarnya kebijakan downstreaming atau hilirisasi\u2014memang membuka mata banyak pihak tentang betapa besarnya potensi ekonomi yang &#8220;hilang&#8221; di masa lalu. 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